The process central to decoding genetic information results in the synthesis of proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA), carrying the genetic code transcribed from DNA, serves as a template. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, recognize codons on the mRNA and deliver their corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. These amino acids are then linked together in a sequence dictated by the mRNA template, forming a polypeptide chain. For example, if an mRNA sequence contains the codon AUG, a tRNA carrying methionine will bind, initiating the polypeptide chain.
This biological event is vital for all living organisms, enabling the expression of genetic information into functional proteins, which are the workhorses of the cell. Its fidelity is paramount for cellular function and organismal survival. Errors in this process can lead to the production of non-functional or even harmful proteins, resulting in various diseases. The understanding of the mechanisms involved has revolutionized fields such as medicine and biotechnology, leading to the development of new therapies and tools. Early studies focused on identifying the key molecules involved, such as ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA, and deciphering the genetic code.