Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules in eukaryotic cells contain segments that specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein. These segments, known as the sequences subject to translation, are the portions of the mRNA that are read by ribosomes during protein synthesis. For instance, a sequence like AUG, followed by a series of codons and ending with a stop codon such as UAG, will dictate the order in which amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain.
The faithful conversion of genetic information into functional proteins is critical for cellular function and organismal development. The accuracy and efficiency of this process directly impact the production of essential enzymes, structural proteins, and signaling molecules. Historically, understanding the mechanisms and regulation of this conversion has been a central focus of molecular biology, leading to significant advances in medicine and biotechnology.