A biochemical assay containing the necessary components to synthesize proteins from a provided template outside of a living cell is a powerful tool in molecular biology. These reagents typically include ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), amino acids, and various enzymes and cofactors required for protein synthesis. For example, a researcher might use such a system to produce a specific protein based on a DNA sequence, bypassing the need for cell culture.
This approach offers several advantages, including rapid protein production, the ability to incorporate modified amino acids, and the avoidance of cellular toxicity issues. The systems provide a controlled environment, enabling the study of protein folding, function, and interactions without the complexities inherent in living cells. Historically, these methods evolved from early cell-free extracts used to decipher the genetic code to the sophisticated and commercially available options used today.
