The term identifies a moral philosophy that asserts the best action is one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined as promoting overall happiness or pleasure and minimizing suffering. Actions are judged based on their consequences for the greatest number of people affected. For example, a ruler making a policy decision would, according to this philosophy, choose the option that produces the most overall well-being in their society, even if it disadvantages a smaller segment of the population.
Its historical importance stems from its influence on political and social reforms. Proponents advocated for changes in laws and institutions to improve the overall welfare of citizens. This influenced movements advocating for legal reforms, prison reform, and universal education, as these were seen as contributing to the greater good of society. The emphasis on consequences provided a framework for evaluating policies based on observable outcomes, rather than abstract ideals.
