A device is required when interfacing two digital circuits operating at different voltage levels. One common instance involves translating a lower voltage signal, such as 3.3 volts, to a higher voltage signal, such as 5 volts. This conversion ensures compatibility and proper communication between the two systems. An example includes enabling a 3.3V microcontroller to reliably communicate with a 5V sensor or peripheral.
The implementation of such a voltage conversion is crucial for preventing damage to components and ensuring reliable data transmission. Operating a 3.3V input pin with a 5V signal can permanently damage the connected integrated circuit. Moreover, a signal that is not at the proper voltage level may be misinterpreted, leading to incorrect operation. Historically, resistor dividers were used but were inefficient and not suitable for high-speed applications. Current approaches offer greater speed and efficiency.