The term refers to a series of reforms enacted within the Ottoman Empire during the mid-19th century. These reforms aimed to modernize and centralize the empire’s administration, military, and legal systems. Initiated in 1839 with the Edict of Glhane, the changes sought to create a more unified and efficient state capable of competing with European powers. A key component involved the codification of laws based on European models, including commercial and penal codes, as well as the establishment of secular schools and a modern army.
These reforms represent a significant shift in Ottoman policy, intended to address internal weaknesses and external pressures. By adopting elements of European governance and technology, the Ottoman state hoped to strengthen its position and prevent further territorial losses. The changes also aimed to foster a sense of Ottomanism, promoting loyalty to the empire among its diverse population by granting equal rights and obligations regardless of religion or ethnicity. However, the implementation of these policies often faced resistance from conservative elements within Ottoman society and proved difficult to fully realize across the vast empire.
