Entities that operate independently from governmental control or direct influence are recognized within international relations and other fields. These groups, organizations, or individuals wield influence on a local, national, or international scale through various means. Examples include multinational corporations, international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), armed groups, and transnational criminal organizations.
The significance of understanding these entities lies in their capacity to shape policy, impact economies, and affect security landscapes. Historically, nation-states were considered the primary actors in international affairs. However, these entities have emerged as influential forces, capable of challenging or complementing state actions, often with considerable reach and impact. Their activities can range from providing humanitarian aid and promoting environmental sustainability to engaging in illicit trade and perpetrating violence.