These residential areas, often found on the periphery of cities in less developed countries, arise when individuals or groups occupy land without legal claim or permission from the landowner. Construction is typically self-built using readily available materials, often lacking basic infrastructure such as paved roads, sanitation systems, and access to clean water and electricity. An illustrative example is the favelas of Rio de Janeiro or the slums of Mumbai.
The formation of these communities is driven by factors like rapid urbanization, poverty, and a lack of affordable housing options, especially for rural migrants seeking economic opportunities in urban centers. While offering a vital, albeit often precarious, shelter for many, they present numerous challenges including health risks due to unsanitary conditions, vulnerability to natural disasters, and social issues related to crime and lack of formal governance. Understanding their dynamics is crucial for policymakers aiming to address urban poverty and promote sustainable urban development.
