Instrumental compositions that strive to convey a specific narrative, depict a scene, or evoke a particular mood or atmosphere are categorized under a specific designation. This form of musical expression differs from absolute music, which exists purely for its own sake, emphasizing form and structure without extramusical references. A well-known illustration involves pieces that aurally portray a battle scene, complete with identifiable musical representations of clashing swords, cannon fire, and victorious fanfares.
This approach to composition offers listeners a more accessible entry point to appreciating instrumental music, as the pre-existing story or imagery provides a framework for understanding the composer’s intentions. Historically, it flourished during the Romantic era, reflecting the period’s emphasis on emotional expression and individualism. Composers utilized diverse techniques, including leitmotifs (recurring musical themes associated with specific characters or ideas), orchestration, and dynamic contrast to create vivid and descriptive soundscapes.
