An oculus, in the context of architectural and art historical studies, refers to a circular opening in a wall or, more commonly, at the apex of a dome. Functioning as a source of natural light and ventilation, it’s a prominent feature in various architectural styles throughout history. A notable example is the Pantheon in Rome, where the unglazed opening at the dome’s center serves as the sole source of direct illumination within the building.
This architectural element holds significance beyond its practical function. The strategic placement and symbolic interpretation of the opening have varied across cultures and periods. The placement at the dome’s apex, for example, can be interpreted as a connection between the earthly realm and the heavens, imbuing the space with a spiritual or divine quality. Historically, this feature has been employed to create dramatic lighting effects, highlight focal points within a structure, and reinforce the intended atmosphere of the space.
