The principle describes a type of physiological reaction that occurs completely or not at all. There is no partial reaction. A stimulus must reach a certain threshold for the reaction to be triggered. If the stimulus is below that threshold, there is no response. If the stimulus reaches or exceeds that threshold, a complete response is observed. For instance, a neuron either fires an action potential at full strength, or it does not fire at all. The strength of the stimulus does not affect the size of the action potential, only its frequency.
This concept is fundamental to understanding how excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle fibers, transmit information and execute functions. It provides a basis for reliable and efficient signal transmission within biological systems. Historically, understanding this principle was critical to advancing knowledge of neurophysiology and muscle physiology, enabling researchers to develop more accurate models of neural communication and muscular contraction.