A structured approach to guiding and coordinating organizational activities to achieve specific goals. These encompass the principles, techniques, and processes used to plan, organize, lead, and control resources effectively. For example, establishing clear roles and responsibilities within a team, implementing performance management systems, or adopting specific strategies for project execution are all manifestations of this concept in action.
The application of effective methods yields enhanced operational efficiency, improved employee engagement, and ultimately, stronger financial performance. Historically, the evolution of these techniques reflects changing economic landscapes, technological advancements, and shifts in workforce demographics. Understanding their historical context is essential for appreciating their current form and anticipating future trends.