The representation of Earth’s three-dimensional surface on a two-dimensional plane inevitably involves alterations in spatial relationships. These alterations, stemming from the transformation process, manifest as inaccuracies in shape, area, distance, or direction. For instance, projecting a globe onto a flat map often results in some landmasses appearing larger or smaller than they actually are, or in the bending of straight lines.
Understanding the nature and extent of these alterations is crucial for informed map interpretation and spatial analysis. Recognition of inherent inaccuracies facilitates responsible decision-making in fields such as navigation, resource management, and urban planning. Historically, cartographers have developed various projection methods, each prioritizing the preservation of certain spatial properties at the expense of others, reflecting different mapping priorities and technological capabilities over time.