Information extracted directly from a source document and used to support a claim or argument constitutes proof from the written material. This material can take the form of a quotation, a paraphrased passage, or a summarized idea. For example, if arguing that a character in a novel is courageous, specific excerpts from the book depicting acts of bravery would serve as substantiation for this assertion.
The utilization of such support strengthens the credibility of an analysis or interpretation. It provides concrete validation for assertions, moving beyond subjective opinion. Historically, its application has been fundamental in academic writing, legal proceedings, and investigative reporting, ensuring transparency and accountability in the presentation of findings.