These endocrine glands, located atop the kidneys, are critical components of the human stress response system. They secrete hormones, including cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline), which play pivotal roles in physiological reactions to stress. Cortisol regulates metabolism and immune function, while epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply, preparing the body for a “fight-or-flight” response. Disruptions in their function can significantly impact psychological and physical well-being, influencing mood, energy levels, and vulnerability to stress-related illnesses.
Understanding the function of these glands is fundamental in the field of psychology because their hormonal secretions directly influence behavior, emotion, and cognitive processes. Their role in the stress response is a cornerstone of biopsychosocial models of health and illness. Historically, research on these glands has illuminated the connection between physiological responses to stressors and the development of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
