The term refers to a United States foreign policy, primarily during the late 19th century, which aimed to exert American influence and leadership within Latin America. It proposed that the U.S. act as a protector and guide for the smaller nations of the region, fostering closer diplomatic and economic ties. For instance, the promotion of trade agreements and resolution of boundary disputes were key features of this approach.
This policy stemmed from a belief in American exceptionalism and a desire to prevent European powers from further encroaching upon the Western Hemisphere. Its benefits, as perceived by policymakers at the time, included securing U.S. economic interests, maintaining regional stability, and projecting American power internationally. Historically, it represents an extension of the Monroe Doctrine and served as a precursor to later interventionist strategies.
Understanding the tenets and implications of this approach provides vital context for analyzing subsequent U.S. foreign relations, particularly concerning its interactions with nations in Central and South America. Its legacies continue to inform debates about sovereignty, economic development, and the role of the United States in global affairs.
1. U.S. Influence
The degree of control and leverage exerted by the United States constituted a central element of the policy, which aimed to establish a dominant position for the U.S. within the Western Hemisphere. This influence extended beyond mere diplomacy, encompassing economic, political, and at times, military dimensions.
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Economic Dominance
The policy promoted trade agreements and investments that disproportionately benefited U.S. corporations, often at the expense of local industries in Latin American nations. Examples include preferential trade deals and the imposition of tariffs that hindered the growth of regional economies, making them reliant on American markets and capital.
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Political Intervention
The U.S. frequently intervened in the internal affairs of Latin American countries, supporting regimes favorable to American interests and destabilizing those perceived as threats. This intervention took various forms, from funding political campaigns to orchestrating coups, undermining democratic processes and fostering resentment towards American influence.
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Military Presence
The threat, and sometimes the reality, of military intervention served as a powerful tool for projecting U.S. influence. The stationing of American troops in the region, coupled with naval demonstrations, reinforced the perception of American power and deterred resistance to U.S. policies. This created an environment where Latin American nations were hesitant to challenge American interests.
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Cultural Hegemony
Beyond economic and political levers, the spread of American culture and values played a significant role in shaping attitudes and beliefs within Latin America. This cultural influence, facilitated by media, education, and consumer goods, contributed to the acceptance of American norms and further solidified U.S. dominance. It encouraged a sense of cultural dependence, where American standards were often seen as superior.
The multifaceted nature of this leverage, ranging from economic control to cultural propagation, highlights the comprehensive ambition. This intended impact went beyond simply fostering friendly relations; it sought to establish a hierarchical relationship in which Latin American nations remained subordinate to American interests and influence.
2. Latin America
Latin America served as the primary geographical and political focal point of the policy. The nations of Central and South America were the intended recipients and subjects of this approach, shaping the dynamics and consequences of the policys implementation.
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Economic Resources and Dependence
The region’s vast natural resources, including minerals, agricultural products, and raw materials, were a significant driver behind the policy. The aim was to secure access to these resources on favorable terms for American businesses. This often led to economic dependence, with Latin American economies becoming heavily reliant on exporting raw materials to the United States and importing manufactured goods, hindering the development of their own industries. For example, the United Fruit Company’s influence in Central America, exploiting land and labor for banana production, epitomized this economic dominance.
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Political Instability and Intervention
The policy frequently exploited existing political instability within Latin American nations to advance U.S. interests. Revolutions, coups, and internal conflicts provided opportunities for intervention, either directly through military force or indirectly through support for favored factions. The U.S. often justified these interventions as necessary to maintain order and prevent European influence, but they frequently undermined democratic processes and fueled anti-American sentiment. Examples include the U.S. involvement in Panama’s separation from Colombia to secure the Panama Canal Zone.
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National Sovereignty and Resistance
The perception of American dominance fueled resentment and resistance to the policy within Latin America. Many viewed it as a violation of their national sovereignty and an attempt to control their destinies. This resistance took various forms, from nationalist movements and political opposition to armed rebellions. For instance, Augusto Sandino’s resistance against U.S. occupation in Nicaragua in the 1920s and 1930s became a symbol of Latin American defiance against American imperialism.
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Cultural Impact and Identity
The policy also had a profound cultural impact on Latin America, influencing everything from art and literature to social norms and values. The spread of American cultural products, coupled with the promotion of American ideals, led to a complex interplay between cultural exchange and cultural imperialism. While some welcomed the modernization and progress associated with American influence, others lamented the erosion of traditional values and the imposition of a foreign culture. This created a sense of cultural ambivalence, with Latin Americans simultaneously admiring and resenting American influence.
The relationship between the region and the policy was characterized by unequal power dynamics and contested outcomes. While the U.S. sought to exert influence and control, Latin American nations actively resisted, negotiated, and adapted to the policy, shaping its implementation and consequences. The enduring legacy of this historical interaction continues to influence the region’s relationship with the United States in the 21st century.
3. Economic Ties
Economic ties formed a crucial instrument in the implementation. The development and manipulation of economic relationships between the United States and Latin American nations was central to exerting influence and achieving strategic goals.
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Trade Agreements and Tariffs
Trade agreements were structured to favor American exports while simultaneously securing access to raw materials from Latin America. Tariff policies were employed to protect American industries, often at the expense of nascent industries in Latin American countries, thereby creating economic dependency. An example is the preferential treatment given to American agricultural products entering Latin American markets, which undermined local farmers’ ability to compete.
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Investment and Debt
American investment in Latin American infrastructure and industries was encouraged, but these investments often came with strings attached, granting American companies significant control over key sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the accumulation of debt by Latin American nations to American banks and financial institutions created leverage for the U.S. government to influence policy decisions. For instance, the control exerted by American railroad companies over transport routes in several Latin American nations significantly influenced their economic development.
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Resource Extraction and Exploitation
The policy facilitated the extraction of natural resources, such as minerals, oil, and agricultural products, from Latin America by American companies. This extraction often occurred under unfavorable terms for the host countries, leading to environmental degradation and social inequality. A prime example is the extensive exploitation of copper mines in Chile by American corporations, which generated immense profits for American shareholders while leaving Chile with limited benefits and lasting environmental damage.
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Monetary Policy and Control
The United States sought to influence the monetary policies of Latin American nations, often advocating for the adoption of the gold standard or other measures that would facilitate trade and investment. This influence could be exerted through international financial institutions or through direct pressure on governments. For example, the U.S. exerted pressure on several Central American countries to adopt the U.S. dollar as their currency, further integrating their economies into the American financial system.
These interconnected economic strategies solidified American influence in Latin America, shaping the economic landscape and creating lasting dependencies that defined the region’s relationship with the United States for decades. The pursuit of economic advantage was inextricably linked to the political and strategic objectives.
4. Regional Stability
The maintenance of regional stability served as a central justification and objective. The policy aimed to establish an environment conducive to American economic interests and strategic goals, where disruptive forces such as revolutions, internal conflicts, and the influence of rival powers were minimized. Stability, in this context, was often defined through the lens of American interests, prioritizing the preservation of the status quo and the protection of American investments, even if this came at the expense of democratic processes or local autonomy. Intervention in the internal affairs of Latin American nations, under the guise of promoting stability, became a recurring feature. The rationale was that instability in the region could invite European intervention, threaten American trade routes, and disrupt the flow of resources crucial to the American economy. For example, the United States intervened in numerous Central American countries during the early 20th century, ostensibly to quell unrest and ensure the stability of governments friendly to American interests.
The concept of regional stability, as pursued, frequently involved the support of authoritarian regimes deemed capable of maintaining order. This created a paradox, as the imposition of stability from the outside often exacerbated existing tensions and resentment, leading to long-term instability. Furthermore, the suppression of democratic movements and the disregard for human rights fueled anti-American sentiment and contributed to a cycle of intervention and resistance. The policy, therefore, had a complex and often contradictory impact on regional stability. While it may have achieved short-term stability in some instances, it often undermined long-term stability by fostering resentment and hindering the development of democratic institutions.
Understanding the connection between regional stability and this foreign policy is crucial for comprehending the complexities of U.S.-Latin American relations. The pursuit of stability, as defined and implemented, shaped political landscapes, economic structures, and social dynamics throughout the region. Examining historical examples reveals that the policy’s legacy continues to resonate in contemporary debates about sovereignty, development, and the role of the United States in the Western Hemisphere. The challenge lies in reconciling the legitimate desire for regional stability with the principles of self-determination, democracy, and respect for human rights.
5. Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine, articulated in 1823, served as a foundational principle upon which the policy was built. The Doctrine declared that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization and that any attempt by European powers to interfere in the affairs of independent American nations would be viewed as a hostile act towards the United States. The connection lies in the fact that the policy sought to expand upon the Monroe Doctrine’s initial assertion of American dominance by positioning the U.S. as the protector and guide for Latin American nations, effectively claiming a sphere of influence over the entire region. The Monroe Doctrine can be viewed as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the emergence of the policy. Without the declaration of the Western Hemisphere as off-limits to European powers, it would have been significantly more difficult for the U.S. to assert its dominance and implement the policy’s goals. For example, the U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine as justification for intervening in Venezuela in 1895 to resolve a border dispute with Great Britain, illustrating how the Doctrine provided a framework for American action.
The policy expanded the scope and intensity of the Monroe Doctrine. While the Monroe Doctrine primarily focused on preventing European intervention, the policy actively promoted American influence and involvement in Latin American affairs. This proactive approach manifested in various forms, including economic pressure, political meddling, and military interventions. The United States actively shaped the political and economic landscape of the region, often prioritizing its own interests over the sovereignty of Latin American nations. The connection is further exemplified by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American countries if they were unable to maintain order or pay their debts, further solidifying American dominance under the guise of the original doctrine.
Understanding the intertwined relationship between the Monroe Doctrine and the policy is essential for grasping the evolution of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine provided the initial justification for American intervention, while the policy outlined the means and objectives of that intervention. This understanding helps to contextualize subsequent U.S. actions in the region, from the Panama Canal to the Cold War interventions, and to appreciate the enduring legacy of American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. This historical context informs contemporary debates about U.S.-Latin American relations and the challenges of promoting equitable and mutually beneficial partnerships.
6. American Hegemony
American hegemony, the dominance of the United States in the Western Hemisphere, is inextricably linked to the policy under consideration. It served as both a driver and a consequence of its implementation, shaping the political, economic, and social landscape of Latin America. Understanding the nuances of American dominance is crucial for interpreting the actions taken and the legacies left by this historical approach.
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Economic Dominance and Dependency
A key element of American hegemony was the establishment of economic dominance over Latin American nations. This was achieved through trade agreements that favored American exports, control over key industries, and the imposition of debt. The policy fostered economic dependency, where Latin American countries relied on the U.S. market and were vulnerable to American economic policies. The United Fruit Company’s control over banana production in Central America exemplifies this economic dominance, where American corporations wielded significant political and economic power.
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Political Intervention and Influence
American hegemony manifested in frequent interventions in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. The U.S. supported regimes favorable to American interests, destabilized those deemed threats, and manipulated political processes to maintain its influence. These interventions, often justified as necessary to promote stability or prevent European interference, undermined democratic processes and fueled resentment. The U.S. involvement in the overthrow of democratically elected governments, such as in Chile in 1973, highlights the extent of American political meddling.
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Military Power and Projection
The projection of American military power served as a constant reminder of American hegemony. The threat of military intervention, coupled with the presence of American troops in the region, reinforced the perception of American dominance and deterred resistance to U.S. policies. Naval demonstrations and shows of force underscored American willingness to use its military might to protect its interests. The frequent deployment of American troops to the Caribbean and Central America during the early 20th century served as a clear demonstration of this military dominance.
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Cultural Influence and Soft Power
Beyond economic, political, and military power, American hegemony extended to the realm of culture. The spread of American culture, values, and consumer goods contributed to the acceptance of American norms and further solidified U.S. dominance. This cultural influence, facilitated by media, education, and popular culture, created a sense of cultural dependence and reinforced American hegemony. The widespread adoption of American entertainment, fashion, and lifestyle trends in Latin America illustrates the pervasive influence of American culture.
These intertwined facets of American hegemony reveal the multifaceted nature of the relationship. The policy served as a vehicle for advancing and consolidating American dominance in the Western Hemisphere, shaping the political, economic, and social landscape of Latin America for generations. Understanding this connection is crucial for analyzing the historical trajectory of U.S.-Latin American relations and the enduring legacies of American influence.
Frequently Asked Questions
The following questions address common inquiries related to the historical policy and its implications. These answers aim to provide clarity and context for a more thorough understanding of the topic.
Question 1: What were the primary motivations behind the historical approach?
The approach was primarily driven by a desire to expand American economic and political influence in Latin America, prevent European interference in the region, and secure access to valuable resources. The strategy also reflected a belief in American exceptionalism and a perceived responsibility to guide the development of Latin American nations.
Question 2: How did this approach affect Latin American economies?
It generally led to increased economic dependence on the United States, with Latin American nations becoming reliant on exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods. This often hindered the development of local industries and created vulnerabilities to American economic policies. Preferential trade agreements and investment practices often favored American corporations.
Question 3: In what ways did the policy impact the political sovereignty of Latin American countries?
The approach often involved interventions in the internal affairs of Latin American nations, supporting regimes aligned with American interests and destabilizing those perceived as threats. This interference undermined democratic processes and fueled resentment towards the United States. Justifications for intervention typically centered on maintaining stability and preventing European influence.
Question 4: How did Latin American nations respond to this policy?
Responses varied, ranging from collaboration with the United States to resistance and opposition. Nationalist movements and political opposition emerged in many countries, challenging American dominance and advocating for greater autonomy. Armed rebellions and diplomatic efforts were also employed to counter American influence.
Question 5: What is the relationship between this historical concept and the Monroe Doctrine?
This policy can be viewed as an extension and intensification of the Monroe Doctrine. While the Monroe Doctrine initially aimed to prevent European colonization, the approach actively promoted American influence and involvement in Latin American affairs, effectively establishing a sphere of influence for the United States. The Roosevelt Corollary further expanded upon the Monroe Doctrine, justifying American intervention in the region.
Question 6: What is the legacy of the described strategy on contemporary U.S.-Latin American relations?
The legacy of the strategy continues to shape U.S.-Latin American relations, contributing to a complex mix of cooperation, mistrust, and resentment. Past interventions and economic policies have created enduring challenges to equitable partnerships, while historical grievances inform contemporary debates about sovereignty, development, and the role of the United States in the region.
In summary, the policy aimed to establish American dominance in Latin America through economic, political, and military means. Its legacy is complex, marked by both benefits and drawbacks, and continues to influence relations between the United States and Latin American nations.
This understanding lays the foundation for exploring the broader implications of U.S. foreign policy throughout history.
Exam Preparation Tips
To effectively address questions related to this approach on the AP U.S. History exam, consider the following points.
Tip 1: Understand the Underlying Principles: Thoroughly grasp the core tenets, including the pursuit of American influence, the prevention of European interference, and the promotion of regional stability in accordance with American interests.
Tip 2: Contextualize Within the Monroe Doctrine: Recognize how it expanded upon the Monroe Doctrine, shifting from preventing European intervention to actively asserting American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. Understand the Roosevelt Corollary as a further extension of this concept.
Tip 3: Analyze Economic Implications: Evaluate the economic impact on Latin American nations, including the promotion of dependency, the exploitation of resources, and the creation of favorable conditions for American businesses. Consider examples such as the United Fruit Company and its influence in Central America.
Tip 4: Assess Political Interventions: Be prepared to discuss specific instances of American political intervention, including the support of friendly regimes, the destabilization of unfavorable governments, and the impact on democratic processes. Research examples like the U.S. involvement in Panama’s separation from Colombia.
Tip 5: Consider Latin American Responses: Acknowledge the diverse responses from Latin American nations, ranging from cooperation to resistance. Understand the rise of nationalist movements and the emergence of anti-American sentiment. Research examples like Augusto Sandino’s resistance in Nicaragua.
Tip 6: Evaluate the Long-Term Legacy: Understand the lasting impact on U.S.-Latin American relations, including the perpetuation of economic inequalities, the legacy of political interventions, and the complexities of contemporary partnerships. Consider how these historical dynamics continue to shape current interactions.
Tip 7: Practice Source Analysis: Develop skills in analyzing primary and secondary sources related to this policy, including political cartoons, speeches, and diplomatic correspondence. Be prepared to identify bias and evaluate different perspectives.
These tips emphasize the importance of understanding both the motivations and the consequences. A comprehensive understanding of this historical foreign policy, its implementation, and its impact will enable effective responses on the AP exam.
Moving forward, a deeper examination of specific instances of intervention can further enrich your understanding.
Conclusion
This exploration of the “big sister policy apush definition” has elucidated its core principles, implementation, and lasting consequences. The policy’s objectives, rooted in expanding American influence and safeguarding regional stability, shaped U.S.-Latin American relations for decades. Understanding the economic dependencies it fostered, the political interventions it justified, and the diverse responses it elicited within Latin America is crucial for comprehending the historical dynamics at play.
The legacy of the “big sister policy apush definition” continues to resonate in contemporary U.S.-Latin American relations. Further critical analysis of its historical context is essential for informed discussions about sovereignty, equitable partnerships, and the complex interplay between national interests and international cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. Continued examination of this historical precedent is vital for shaping a more equitable and mutually beneficial future for all nations involved.
